*) 


>^. 


NOV   2  1911 


Divisioa     Jl^rC 
Section      '  '   0 


.SSSY 


Theological   Encyclopedia 


THEOLOGICAL 
ENCYCLOPEDIA 


A  Irt^f  Arrnunt  of  tlj^  Wt^mxBm  mh 
ICttrratur^  of  uIl|Pologg 


HENRY  C.  SHELDON, 

Professor  in  Boston  University 


^a  Or  m^^^ 

NOV    2  1911 


CUtnrtnnati: 

JENNINGS   AND  GRAHAM 

N^m  fork: 

EATON    AND    MAINS 


COPYRIGHT,   I9II,  BY 
JENNINGS  AND  GRAHAM 


PREFACE 

1^*  t^*  l^* 

Experience  of  the  difficulty  of  employing  an 
elaborate  treatise  on  Theological  Encyclopae- 
dia in  class  work  led  the  writer  about  ten 
years  ago  to  prepare,  for  private  use,  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  organism  of  theology.  A  second 
ground  for  limitation  to  the  brief  sketch  was 
the  conviction  that  the  treatment  of  the  sub- 
ject-matter of  the  various  branches  of  theolog^^ 
ought  to  be  left  to  the  several  departments  of 
theological  instruction;  that,  indeed,  so  far  as 
class  work  is  concerned,  an  attempt  to  antici- 
pate, with  outlines  of  subject-matter,  the  fuller 
exposition  which  belongs  to  the  departments 
is  very  much  of  a  superfluity  and  involves  be- 
sides some  risk  of  blunting  the  edge  of  inter- 
est in  the  mind  of  the  student.  The  extended 
work  in  Theological  Encyclopaedia  is  doubt- 
less capable  of  fulfilling  a  useful  function,  but 
it   fulfills  that   function  best  when   employed 


PREFACE 

(after   a   preliminary   perusal)    as  a   book   of 
reference. 

The  student  who  Is  connected  with  a  wv.  11- 
equlpped  school  of  theology  may  be  supposed 
to  have  at  command  suitable  means  of  gu'd- 
ance  in  the  great  field  of  theological  study. 
To  one  who  is  deprived  of  the  benefit  of  such 
connection  some  practical  suggestions  may  be 
serviceable.  Even  on  reading  a  brief  treat!  je, 
like  that  which  follows,  with  Its  catalogue  of 
theological  branches  and  its  appended  bock- 
lists,  some  sense  of  bewilderment  may  over- 
take him.  Having  In  mind,  then,  the  nee^ls 
of  the  student  who  is  left  very  largely  to  his 
own  resources,  we  make  bold  to  offer  this  list 
of  advices:  ( i )  In  the  first  stage  of  theolog- 
ical study  a  preponderant  attention  may  prop- 
erly be  given  to  the  Biblical  branches.  Every 
student  needs  to  familiarize  himself  with  a 
good  book  on  Introduction  to  each  Testa- 
ment. Every  student  needs  also  to  familiarize 
himself  with  a  good  book  on  the  Biblical  The- 
ology of  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New 
Testament  respectively.  When  the  debt  to 
these  two  classes  of  works  has  been  paid  the 
detailed  exegetical  study  of  some  of  the  Bib- 
lical books  most  vitally  related  to  the  Chris- 
tian faith  may  follow.  (2)  In  making  choice 
6 


PREFACE 

of  books,  especially  in  the  field  of  Biblical 
study,  it  Is  a  matter  of  prudence  to  begin 
with  those  which  do  not  stand  at  the  extreme, 
w^hether  of  conservatism  or  of  liberalism. 
There  is  a  just  presumption  that  the  scholar- 
ship of  the  past  has  achieved  something  worth 
while,  and  that  some  deference  is  due  to  the 
consensus,  or  the  approximation  to  a  con- 
sensus, which  it  may  have  wrought  out.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  is  a  just  presumption 
that  scholarly  industry  through  the  ages  must 
be  able  to  lay  hold  upon  some  new  data  and 
gain  some  improved  points  of  view.  Putting 
the  two  presumptions  together,  we  are  driven 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  student  in  the  pri- 
mary stage  simply  shows  reasonable  discretion 
in  giving  the  preference  to  books  which  escape 
either  extreme.  Of  course  the  one  who  gives 
himself  to  extensive  investigation,  and  aims  at 
mastership  in  a  given  department,  may  prop- 
erly feel  that  the  burden  is  upon  him  not  to 
pass  by  any  order  of  books  which  promises 
even  a  small  addition  to  information  and  in- 
sight. Quite  obviously,  however,  what  is  in- 
cumbent upon  the  expert  is  not  a  rule  for 
the  one  who  is  at  the  beginning  of  the  ways. 
(3)  The  above  principle  of  selection  may  be 
applied  with  eminent  propriety  to  the  choice 

7 


PREFACE 

of  a  Dictionary  of  the  Bible — a  handy  instru- 
mentality which  the  earnest  student  can  not 
fail  to  appreciate.  (4)  In  the  department  of 
Historical  Theolog}^  the  student  will  find  it 
of  advantage  to  have  under  his  hand  a  treatise 
on  Church  History  which  is  neither  so  con- 
densed as  to  be  arid  nor  so  extensive  as  to 
be  wearisome.  After  utilizing  a  work  of  this 
description  he  will  find  historical  monographs, 
or  books  devoted  to  particular  themes,  exceed- 
ingly fruitful  of  interest  and  profit.  (5)  In 
preparation  for  the  study  of  Systematic  The- 
ology, or  as  an  accompaniment  of  such  study, 
the  faithful  use  of  a  well-constructed  book  on 
the  History  of  Christian  Doctrine  is  of  first- 
class  importance.  Nothing  affords  a  better 
safeguard  against  precipitancy  and  onesided- 
ness  in  theology  than  a  thorough  review  of 
the  effort  at  doctrinal  construction  through 
the  centuries.  (6)  The  student  will  proceed 
wisely  in  giving  good  heed  to  the  demand  for 
proportion  in  his  attention  to  the  branches  be- 
longing to  Practical  Theology.  The  time  has 
not  gone  by  when  it  will  do  to  be  at  all  lax 
in  seizing  every  means  of  pulpit  ejfficiency. 
But  the  time  has  gone  by  when  the  shepherd 
of  souls  can  be  excused  from  studying  and 
applying  the  most  eligible  plans  for  leading 


PREFACE 

childhood  and  youth  into  the  ways  of  religion. 
The  time  has  also  gone  by  when  the  themes 
of  world-evangelization  and  of  social  amel- 
ioration can  be  reckoned  outside  the  pale  of 
pastoral  interest.  (7)  The  selection  of  books 
for  study  or  perusal  is  much  too  vital  a  mat- 
ter to  be  treated  in  a  haphazard  or  easy-going 
fashion.  The  student  needs  and  is  entitled  to 
ask  advice  from  the  best  available  sources. 
He  should  feel  free,  yea  under  obligation  to 
himself  and  to  the  Church,  to  make  full  in- 
quiry. Among  those  to  whom  inquiries  may 
properly  be  addressed  are  the  professors  in 
the  theological  schools.  We  have  no  license 
to  speak  for  the  professors,  but  we  surmise 
that  they  esteem  it  a  part  of  their  vocation 
to  give  careful  and  kindly  heed  to  all  inquiries 
concerning  books,  and  especially  concerning 
books  that  belong  to  their  respective  depart- 
ments of   instruction. 

Boston  University,  January,  igil. 


CONTENTS. 

Chapter  Page 

I.    Consideration  of  Terms,   -        -        -        -  15 

II.    Questions  of  Classification  or  Distriku- 

TioN, 24 

III.  Exegetical  Theology,         -        -        -        -  29 

IV.  Historical  Theology,    -        -        -        -  38 
V.    Systematic  Theology,         -        -        -        -  44 

VI.    Practical  Theology,      -        -        -        -  50 

Literature, 57 


Theological    Encyclopedia 


CHAPTER  I 

Consideration  of  Terms 

The  term  "Encyclopaedia"  is  significant  of  a 
comprehensive  summary  of  knowledge.  "The- 
ological Encyclopdaidia"  is  therefore  naturally 
understood  to  mean  a  comprehensive  summary 
of  theological  knowledge.  In  the  unrestricted 
sense  the  title  means  just  that.  But  it  is  pos- 
sible to  distinguish  between  matter  and  form, 
and  to  construct  an  encyclopaedia  which  de- 
votes a  principal,  not  to  say  an  exclusive  at- 
tention to  the  latter.  A  Theological  Ency- 
clopaedia devised  on  this  plan,  instead  of  giving 
an  epitome  of  the  subject-matter  of  theology, 
would  be  content  to  discriminate  the  various 
branches  of  theological  study,  to  describe  their 
scope  and  function,  and  to  indicate  their  mu- 
tual relations.  The  accomplishment  of  this 
task  of  discrimination  and  description  might 
indeed  involve  some  reference  to  subject-mat- 

15 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPiEDIA 

ter,  but  the  reference  would  be  brief  and  inci- 
dental. 

It  is  with  Theological  Encyclopaedia  in  this 
formal  signification  that  we  have  to  deal.  We 
understand  thereby  such  a  general  introduc- 
tion to  theology  as  undertakes  to  set  forth  in 
order  the  various  branches  of  theological 
study,  to  define  their  function  and  scope,  and 
to  indicate  their  proper  relations  to  one  an- 
other. 

In  order  to  avoid  ambiguity  It  Is  necessary 
to  determine  in  what  sense  the  term  ''the- 
ological," as  used  in  the  title.  Is  to  be  under- 
stood. Various  questions  may  be  asked  re- 
specting the  scope  of  theolog}^  For  instance, 
the  question  may  be  raised  whether  "natural 
theology"  so-called — that  is,  the  body  of  con- 
clusions, having  more  or  less  of  a  theological 
significance,  which  may  be  derived  from  an 
examination  of  the  works  of  God  in  nature — 
Is  to  be  Included.  To  this  Inquiry  an  affirma- 
tive answer  Is  undoubtedly  to  be  given,  In  so 
far  as  the  presumption  Is  admitted  that  the 
facts  of  the  natural  world  have  any  bearing 
upon  theological  questions.  Anything  that 
throw^s  light  upon  those  questions,  or  comes 
Into  distinct  relation  with  them,  falls  within 
the  province  of  theology.  It  does  not  follow, 
i6 


CONSIDERATION  OF  TERMS 

houcver,  that  a  complete  circle  of  theological 
studies  must  include  a  branch  set  off  by  itself 
under  the  name  of  Natural  Theolog}.  It  may 
be  that  all  the  subject-matter  which  that  title 
is  made  to  cover  can  be  taken  up  with  entire 
convenience  and  propriety  in  the  universally 
recognized  branches,  such  as  Apologetics  and 
Dogmatics.  In  our  view  this  is  the  case. 
While  it  may  be  worth  while  that  books 
should  be  written  on  the  theme  of  natural 
theolog}S  just  as  it  may  be  worth  while  to 
award  a  monographic  treatment  to  many 
minor  divisions  of  the  great  field  of  theology, 
there  is  only  moderate  ground  for  rating  nat- 
ural theology  as  a  distinct  theological  disci- 
pline. 

A  second  question  on  the  scope  of  the  term 
theology  relates  to  the  disposition  of  the  non- 
Christian  religions.  How  far,  if  at  all,  is 
the  ground  which  they  cover  to  be  regarded 
as  included  in  the  theological  domain?  Evi- 
dently it  is  needful  to  impose  here  very  con- 
siderable restrictions.  However  the  matter 
may  appear  to  a  non-Christian  thinker,  the 
Christian  theologian  can  but  regard  the  Chris- 
tian religion  as  ultimate.  It  Is  appropriate 
therefore  to  his  point  of  view  to  give  a  sec- 
ondary consideration  to  the  non-Christian  re- 
17 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

liglons.  He  needs  to  draw  upon  them  only 
as  they  have  affected  the  history  of  his  own 
religion,  or  as  they  furnish  materials  illustra- 
tive or  corroborative  of  one  or  another  ele- 
ment which  claims  recognition  in  his  own  re- 
ligious system.  He  treats  them  in  a  manner 
consistent  with  his  own  standpoint  when  he 
simply  accords  them  a  place  in  branches  aux- 
iliary to  the  main  divisions  of  Christian  the- 
ology. In  so  far  as  they  have  modified  Chris- 
tian history  they  make  matter  for  a  branch 
auxiliary  to  Historical  Theology.  In  so  far 
as  they  supply  data  for  a  philosophy  of  re- 
ligion they  help  to  constitute  a  branch  auxil- 
iary to  Systematic  Theology.  In  so  far  as 
they  serve  to  illustrate  the  superiority  of 
Christianity,  and  thus  are  adapted  to  minister 
to  its  defense,  their  study  can  be  rated  as  aux- 
iliary to  Apologetics. 

A  third  question  relative  to  the  province  of 
theology  concerns  its  relation  to  philosophy. 
The  latter  may  be  defined  as  an  attempt  to 
get  at  ultimate  truth  by  rational  processes. 
Theology  on  its  constructive  side  attempts, 
within  limits,  the  same  thing.  It  attempts  to 
get  at  ultimate  truth,  in  so  far  as  that  truth 
has  religious  worth  or  significence.  Theology 
may  enter  upon  its  task  with  a  more  positive 
i8 


CONSIDERATION  OF  TERMS 

presumption  In  favor  of  the  authority  of  writ- 
ten revelation  than  belongs  to  the  philosoph- 
ical starting-point.  Still  theology  Is  not  obli- 
gated to  treat  that  presumption  as  a  mere  mat- 
ter of  course.  On  the  contrary  It  has  occa- 
sion to  treat  It  as  a  subject  for  rational  In- 
spection and  confirmation.  In  connection 
with  any  great  doctrinal  theme  It  Is  Interested 
to  review  all  the  available  data,  those  of  ra- 
tional thinking  Included.  It  follows,  there- 
fore, that  philosophical  method  must  serve  as 
an  Important  Instrumentality  of  theology. 
The  theologian  In  the  proper  execution  of  his 
task  must  philosophize.  A  good  discretion 
may  make  him  wary  about  tying  himself 
closely  to  any  one  historic  system  or  school  of 
philosophy;  but  he  will  not  rate  lightly  the 
demand  to  utilize  the  best  fruits  of  the  philo- 
sophical thinking  of  the  past  centuries.  It  Is 
not  to  be  overlooked,  however,  that  recourse 
to  philosophical  method  and  to  philosophical 
data  does  not  necessarily  Imply  that  a  distinct 
standing  Is  to  be  given  to  philosophy  within 
the  group  of  theological  studies.  It  strikes  us 
that  the  debt  is  paid  to  this  branch  when,  on 
the  one  hand,  the  best  approved  substance  of 
philosophy  Is  wrought  into  the  texture  of  Dog- 
matics, and  on  the  other  hand  the  History  of 

19 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

Philosophy  is  given  a  prominent  place  among 
the  studies  auxiliary  to  the  History  of  Chris- 
tian Doctrine. 

Questions  might  also  be  raised  as  to  whether 
it  comes  within  the  scope  of  theology  to  take 
account  of  one  or  another  science.  It  will  be 
enough  to  state  here  two  maxims  which  must 
shape  the  answer  to  this  order  of  questions: 
( I )  Theology  is  entitled  and  obligated  to 
make  use  of  any  sort  of  subject-matter  that 
throws  light  upon  any  of  Its  themes.  (2)  It 
is  not  best  to  overcrowd  the  list  of  theological 
studies  by  giving  a  distinct  place  in  that  list 
to  any  branches  which  are  not  to  a  very  notice- 
able degree  implicated  with  matters  religious 
or  theological. 

Advancing  to  a  positive  statement,  we  may 
say  that  theology  in  the  Christian  sense  is  the 
science  of  the  Christian  religion,  and  as  such 
includes  in  its  scope  all  the  branches  which 
serve  for  the  exposition  of  the  Christian  re- 
ligion, as  respects  its  oracles,  its  history,  its 
doctrinal  content,  and  the  leading  applications 
of  its  principles  to  life.  In  addition  to  the 
branches  which  come  clearly  within  its  limits 
it  may  admit,  under  the  category  of  auxilia- 
ries, a  few  whose  subject-matter  has  an  obvi- 
20 


CONSIDERATION  OF  TERMS 

ous  connection  with  religious  facts  and  prob- 
lems/ 

To  speak,  as  we  have  just  done,  of  theology 
as  a  science  may  not  be  quite  in  keeping  with 
judgments  which  have  sometimes  been  ren- 
dered. It  is  nevertheless  a  perfectly  warrant- 
able way  of  speaking.  One  or  another  system 
of  theology,  as  actually  developed,  may  have 
slight  claim  to  be  regarded  as  scientific.  But 
the  subject-matter  of  theology  is  just  as  ca- 
pable of  orderly  representation  as  is  any  other 
subject-matter;  it  also  furnishes  grounds  for 
just  as  reliable  inductions  as  does  the  subject- 
matter  of  most  of  the  sciences.  One  who  is 
free  to  speak  of  the  science  of  geology,  or 
biology,  or  medicine  should  have  no  hesitation 
to  speak  of  the  science  of  theology.  In  any 
one  of  these  sciences  the  subject-matter  shades 
off  into   the  mysterious ;   but   the   implication 


1  As  respects  the  meaning  of  religion  in  general,  it  is  to  be 
observed  that  it  has  both  a  subjective  and  an  objective  aspect. 
On  the  one  hand  it  denotes  man's  disposition  to  believe  in  the 
existence  of  a  higher  power,  his  feeling  of  dependence  upon 
and  obligation  toward  that  power,  and  his  impulse  to  worship 
the  same.  On  the  other  hand  it  denotes  the  rites,  institutions, 
and  doctrines  which  give  expression  to  the  native  tendency  to 
believe,  to  the  sense  of  dependence  and  obligation,  and  to  the 
impulse  to  worship.  Into  its  realization  in  any  worthy  degree 
the  whole  nature  of  man  enters — his  feeling,  his  will,  and  his 
intellect. 

21 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOP/LDL\ 

with  mystery  does  not  nullify  the  title  to  a 
scientific  character.  It  is  largely  characteris- 
tic of  the  sciences  that,  alongside  a  domain  of 
certainty,  they  include  areas  which  can  claim 
at  best  only  a  high  degree  of  probability. 

As  dealing  with  a  subject-matter  objectively 
furnished,  theology  ranks  as  a  positive  science. 
This  characteristic,  however,  does  not  place  it 
in  contrast  with  other  branches  of  knowledge, 
except  pure  mathematics.  Sometimes  an  an- 
tithesis has  been  drawn  between  theology  and 
philosophy,  as  though  the  one  belonged  to  the 
positive  and  the  other  to  the  speculative  order. 
But  surely  it  is  only  a  limited  contrast  which 
can  be  affirmed  here.  A  philosophy  which 
takes  no  serious  account  of  the  actual  w^orld 
and  of  actual  human  history,  which  attempts 
to  build  up  a  system  of  truth  out  of  sheer  no- 
tions, is  not  likely  to  be  worth  much.  Gener- 
ally speaking  the  positive  and  the  speculative 
are  interwoven  in  the  branches  of  human 
knowledge.  Even  the  physical  sciences  have 
their  working  hypotheses,  that  is  speculative 
elements  conjoined  with  the  objectively  fur- 
nished matter.  In  pure  mathematics  alone 
(including  purely  formal  logic  as  being  con- 
formed to  mathematical  principles),  where 
only  ideal  quantities  come  into  the  account, 
22 


CONSIDERATION  OF  TERMS 

is  the  whole  subject-matter  drawn  out   from 
pure  mental  conceptions. 

Theology  evidently  constitutes  a  study  of 
vast  extent  and  profound  interest.  The  facts 
and  truths  with  which  it  more  directly  deals 
are  the  deepest  in  man's  being  and  the  highest 
above  the  human  plane.  It  utilizes  the  most 
significant  findings  of  a  large  proportion  of 
the  branches  of  learning.  It  takes  into  con- 
sideration the  greatest  treasures  of  past  his- 
tory, and  gathers  up  the  data  for  the  farthest 
possible  outlook  into  future  destiny.  It  gives 
ample  room  for  speculative  acumen,  but  at  the 
same  time  includes  the  themes  that  are  of  all 
the  most  intensely  practical.  For  a  combina- 
tion of  intellectual  interests  and  heart  inter- 
ests there  is  no  study  that  surpasses  theology. 


23 


CHAPTER  II 

Questions  of  Classification  or 
Distribution 

In  the  execution  of  its  task  of  distributing  the 
subject-matter  of  the  great  field  which  it  sur- 
veys, Theological  Encyclopaedia  encounters 
certain  difficulties.  Obviously  the  distribu- 
tion ought  to  be  according  to  a  simple,  com- 
prehensive, and  self-consistent  scheme.  It  re- 
quires, however,  not  a  little  thought  to  de- 
termine what  scheme  best  answers  to  this  de- 
scription. Various  questions,  for  example, 
may  be  raised  as  to  the  proper  order  of  the- 
ological branches.  Concerning  several  of 
them  an  inquiry  may  be  propounded  as  to 
which  is  antecedent  and  which  consequent. 
If  on  the  one  hand  archaeology  prepares  the 
way  for  successful  Biblical  study,  on  the  other 
hand  Biblical  study  is  to  a  large  extent  just 
that  which  furnishes  the  materials  of  archne- 
ology.      If  on   the  one  hand   a  grasp  of  his- 

24 


QUESTIONS 

tory  facilitates  exegesis,  on  the  other  exegesis 
is  needed  to  gain  trustworthy  matter  for  his- 
tory. If  on  the  one  hand  the  student  who 
sets  out  to  interpret  the  Bible  needs  to  be 
guided  by  hermeneutical  maxims,  on  the  other 
a  knowledge  of  the  real  nature  of  the  Bible 
seems  to  be  a  necessary  antecedent  to  the  form- 
ing of  hermeneutical  maxims.  If  on  the  one 
hand  one  needs  to  be  assured  in  general  of  the 
truth  of  the  Christian  system  before  he  un- 
dertakes to  represent  that  system,  and  so  has 
occasion  to  preface  dogmatics  with  apologetics, 
on  the  other  hand  the  detailed  study  of  the 
Christian  system  seems  to  be  a  needed  prepa- 
ration for  its  best  defense,  and  so  to  require 
that  dogmatics  should  precede  apologetics.  In- 
stances like  these  may  serve  to  apprise  us  that 
arrangement  is  in  part  dependent  upon  some- 
thing else  than  intrinsic  relationships,  namely, 
upon  the  relative  point  of  view.  Which  of 
two  branches  shall  be  made  subordinate  to  the 
other  depends  often  upon  the  end  immediately 
contemplated.  For  example,  if  exegesis  or 
detailed  interpretation  is  the  end  in  view,  then 
history,  so  far  as  it  is  capable  of  assisting  the 
process  of  interpretation,  is  subordinate  to  exe- 
gesis. On  the  contrary,  if  history  is  the  end 
in  view,  then  exegesis,  so  far  as  it  furnishes 

25 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOP/LDIA 

grounds  for  historical  judgments,  is  subordi- 
nated to  history.  This  is  not  saying  that  a 
sufficient  warrant  may  not  be  found  in  in- 
trinsic relationships  for  making  some  branches 
antecedent  to  others.  The  proper  conclusion 
is  that  the  relative  point  of  view  must  be  ad- 
mitted as  an  appreciable  factor  in  the  deter- 
mination of  the  order  of  various  branches. 
On  some  of  the  minor  points  of  arrangement 
there  are  no  very  decisive  grounds  of  decision. 
As  respects  main  divisions  it  is  difficult  to 
improve  on  the  fourfold  scheme  advocated  by 
Hagenbach  and  others,  according  to  which 
the  theological  domain  is  divided  between  Ex- 
egetical  Theology,  Historical  Theology,  Sys- 
tematic Theology,  and  Practical  Theology. 
The  choice,  it  seems  to  us,  lies  between  this 
scheme  and  the  moderately  difierent  one  of 
Heinrici.  In  the  latter  a  general  distinction 
is  made  between  "historical"  and  "normative" 
branches,  the  former  being  made  to  cover  the 
specifically  Biblical  branches  as  w^ll  as  the  his- 
tory of  Christianity  since  Biblical  times,  and 
the  latter  including  as  principal  subdivisions 
Systematic  Theology  and  Practical  Theology. 
The  idea  of  the  historical  branches  is  to  ex- 
hibit the  whole  deposit  of  religious  truth  and 
fact ;  tlie  idea  of  the  normative  branches  is  to 
26 


QUESTIONS 

afford  means  of  guidance  In  religious  teaching 
and  work.  The  scheme  of  Wernle  ma}-  be 
regarded  as  being  in  substantial  accord  with 
that  of  Heinrici,  since  he  recognizes  but  three 
grand  divisions,  the  Historical,  the  S5^stematic, 
and  the  Practical,  and  includes  the  Biblical 
studies  under  the  first  of  these.  In  point  of 
simplicity  and  logical  consistency  something 
can  be  said  for  this  plan.  Still  it  is  open  to 
the  objection  that  it  does  not  directly  empha- 
size the  distinctive  place  which  belongs  to  the 
Bible  as  a  pre-eminent  source  of  Christian 
teaching.  On  the  whole,  we  do  not  find  suf- 
ficient ground  for  exchanging  the  scheme  of 
Hagenbach  for  the  competing  scheme. 

Some  recent  writers  have  thought  it  appro- 
priate to  style  the  first  grand  division  the  Bib- 
lical rather  than  the  Exegetical.  This  termi- 
nology affords  a  certain  advantage  In  disposing 
of  such  branches  as  Biblical  History  and  Bib- 
lical Theology.  It  enables  one  to  place  them 
w^ith  other  purely  Biblical  branches  in  a  com- 
mon division.  But  this  gain  is  ju.^t  about 
counterbalanced.  If  one  department  is 
rounded  out  another  is  curtailed.  Why  should 
Historical  Theology  be  excluded  from  the 
Biblical  domain?  Surely  the  term  in  itself 
suggests  no  exclusive  attention  to  the  Cliris- 

27 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

tlan  as  opposed  to  the  Jewish  Church.  It 
seems  just  as  well,  therefore,  to  retain  the 
term  exegetical,  and  to  let  the  two  branches 
in  question  find  a  place  in  the  historical  de- 
partment under  the  denomination  of  historical 
branches  specifically  prepared  for  by  exeget- 
ical study.  Should  one  prefer  the  term  "Bib- 
lical" to  designate  the  first  main  division,  he 
would  of  course  need  to  avoid  conjoining  it 
with  ''theology"  In  that  relation,  since  other- 
wise he  would  have  occasion  to  put  a  double 
sense  Into  the  term  "Biblical  Theology." 


28 


CHAPTER  III 

EXEGETICAL    ThEOLOGY 

Since  the  Bible  affords  the  starting-point  for 
a  consideration  of  the  history  of  Christianity, 
the  fundamental  basis  for  doctrinal  construc- 
tion, and  the  principles  which  ought  to  govern 
practical  religious  endeavor,  an  understanding 
of  the  contents  of  the  Bible  appears  as  the  pri- 
mary demand  of  theology.  Hence  Exegetical 
Theology,  the  object  of  which  is  to  secure  this 
understanding,  has  an  excellent  title  to  be 
ranked  as  the  first  main  division  of  theological 
science.  By  the  general  consent  of  theologians 
this  division  is  made  to  include,  besides  exe- 
gesis proper,  a  number  of  branches  which 
serve  as  aids  in  the  work  of  interpretation. 

A  measurably  complete  list  of  the  several 
parts  of  Exegetical  Theology  may  be  made  as 
follows:  (i)  Biblical  Philology  or  Linguis- 
tics. (2)  Biblical  Archaeology.  (3)  Canon- 
ics.  (4)  Biblical  Criticism:  (a)  textual,  (b) 
29 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOP.LDIA 

literary  and  historical.  (5)  Biblical  Intro- 
duction or  Isagogics.  (6)  Hermeneutics. 
(7)  Exegesis,  or  the  detailed  interpretation  of 
the  Scriptures.  Respecting  these  branches  it 
is  not  claimed  that  they  represent  in  every  in- 
stance an  exclusive  province  of  study,  but  only 
that  they  have  fairly  determinate  outlines, 
though  tw^o  or  more  of  them  may  include 
some  common  territory. 

I.  Biblical  Philology  stands  for  the  study  of 
the  Biblical  languages.  In  the  broader  sense 
It  includes  also  the  languages  so  far  cognate 
with  the  Biblical  as  to  be  able  to  make  a  dis- 
tinct contribution  to  the  understanding  and 
appreciation  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  same. 
AVhatever  may  be  requisite  for  the  ordinary 
pastor  and  teacher,  it  Is  strictly  necessary  for 
the  competent  Old  Testament  exegete  to  be 
well  versed  In  Hebrew  and  Aramaic,  and  it 
is  desirable  that  he  should  have  furthermore 
a  good  Introduction  to  other  Semitic  tongues. 
As  for  the  New  Testament  exegete,  while  he 
must  be  at  home  in  the  Greek  language.  It  Is 
by  no  means  a  matter  of  indifference  whether 
he  has  a  mastery  of  the  original  languages  or 
the  Old  Testament.  In  New  Testament 
Greek  there  Is  a  Semitic  undertone.  "Many 
grammatical  forms,  modes  of  speech,  and  ex- 

30 


EXEGETICAL  THEOLOGY 

prcssions  of  the  New  Testament  are  capable 
of  being  understood  only  by  one  who  is  ac- 
quainted with  the  peculiarities  of  the  Semitic 
languages"  (Rabiger,  Encyclopaedia  of  The- 
ology, II,  33).  So  important  a  part  of  the 
New  Testament  oracles  as  the  discourses  of 
Jesus  is  implicated  with  a  Semitic  tongue ;  for, 
though  reported  in  Greek,  these  discourses 
were  spoken  in  Aramaic,  and  a  probable  con- 
jecture as  to  the  original  form  may  evidently 
serve  a  good  purpose  in  connection  with  one 
and  another  phrase  or  sentence. 

2.  Biblical  Archaeology  is  the  science  of 
Biblical  antiquities.  As  the  term  has  com- 
monly been  employed,  archaeology  stands  in 
contrast  wnth  history  proper  as  being  more 
occupied  with  products  than  with  processes. 
It  describes  the  theater  and  sets  forth  the  fixed 
memorials  of  a  people's  life,  and  thus  provides 
materials  for  the  history  which  gives  a  con- 
nected picture  of  the  progress  of  a  people 
through  successive  developments  and  fortunes. 
Broadly  construed,  Biblical  Archaeology  in- 
cludes matters  of  geography ;  of  climate  and 
physical  conformation ;  of  animal  and  vege- 
table life ;  of  manners,  customs,  and  industries ; 
of  domestic,  political,  and  religious  institutions, 
and  of  arts  and  sciences.  It  treats  of  these 
31 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

matters  more  especially  in  relation  to  the  He- 
brew nation ;  but  it  falls  within  its  province 
also  to  take  account  of  the  customs  and  insti- 
tutions of  other  peoples  in  so  far  as  they  in- 
fluenced Hebrew  thought  and  life.  In  this 
view  it  would  evidently  need  to  award  a  con- 
siderable reference  to  the  Egyptian,  the  Baby- 
lonian, the  Assyrian,  the  Greek,  and  the 
Roman  civilizations. 

3.  It  is  the  office  of  Canonics  to  set  forth 
the  facts  relative  to  the  formation  of  those 
collections  of  sacred  books  which  we  call  the 
Old  and  the  New  Testament  respectively; 
also  to  state  principles  which  may  enable  us 
to  judge  whether  any  Wiiting  should  be  ex- 
cluded from  these  collections  or  any  outside 
writing  be  admitted  thereto.  Practically  the 
canon  may  be  fixed  on  account  of  the  indispo- 
sition of  any  considerable  party  to  make  a 
move  either  for  excision  or  inclusion.  But  in 
point  of  theory  Christian  society  has  the  per- 
petual right  to  review  the  canon  and  to  take 
action  upon  the  question  of  revising  its  limits. 
It  is  important  that  each  generation  by  ex- 
penditure of  judicial  investigation  should  gain 
the  basis  of  an  intelligent  conviction  on  the 
subject. 

4.  Textual  Criticism   (otherwise  described 

32 


EXEGETICAL  THEOLOGY 

as  the  Lower  Criticism)  attempts  by  a  com- 
parison of  the  oldest  manuscripts,  by  a  review 
of  citations  in  ancient  authors,  and  by  an  ex- 
amination of  ancient  versions,  to  determine 
as  far  as  possible  the  original  text  of  the  ca- 
nonical books.  Its  task  is  one  which  can  be 
well  executed  only  through  immense  patience 
and  knowledge  of  details. 

Literary  and  Historical  Criticism  is  occu- 
pied with  the  investigation  of  the  Biblical 
books  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  as  nearly 
as  may  be  their  authorship,  their  date,  their 
relation  to  other  writings,  whether  inside  or 
outside  the  canon,  the  degree  of  their  histor- 
ical trustworthiness,  and  the  special  stage 
which  any  one  of  them  may  represent  in  the 
development  of  Biblical  religion.  In  contrast 
with  Textual  Criticism  this  order  of  investi- 
gation has  been  styled  the  "Higher  Criticism." 
The  terms  "lower"  and  "higher"  are  not  very 
happily  chosen,  but  may  be  tolerated  with  the 
understanding  that  the  one  denotes  the  pri- 
mary stage  of  critical  procedure,  and  the  other 
Is  indicative  of  completing  stages.  In  popular 
usage  Higher  Criticism  is  often  made  to  stand 
for  a  special  set  of  critical  conclusions,  promi- 
nent among  which  are  the  composite  author- 
ship of  the  Pentateuch  and  the  relatively  late 

3  33 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOP^:n:>IA 

date  of  some  of  its  principal  constituents,  the 
plural  authorship  of  Isaiah,  and  the  post- 
exilian  origin  of  the  Book  of  Daniel.  But 
such  usage  is  evidentl}-  counter  to  the  demands 
of  a  precise  terminology.  Conclusions  change. 
Critical  procedure,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a 
constant  demand  of  Biblical  scholarship.  It 
must  perpetually  be  brought  into  requisition, 
whatever  order  of  conclusions  may  be  reached ; 
for  sound  intelligence  will  not  consent  to  rest 
upon  fiat  or  mere  custom,  but  will  ever  main- 
tain Its  right  and  duty  to  examine  into  the 
grounds  of  that  which  is  offered  to  its  accept- 
ance. If  distinctions  must  be  made  in  view 
of  the  type  of  conclusions  reached,  It  will  suf- 
fice to  put  conservative  criticism  In  contrast 
with  radical  or  progressive  criticism.  To  re- 
tain a  consistent  meaning  for  Higher  Criti- 
cism it  should  be  made  to  cover  all  scientific 
effort  to  form  a  true  theory  of  the  origin  of 
the  books  of  the  Bible  and  of  their  place  and 
significance  severally  In  the  unfoldment  of  the 
Biblical  religion. 

Candor,  reverence,  a  faculty  for  perspective, 
and  judicial  discrimination  are  prime  demands 
for  the  Biblical  critic.  His  path  runs  between 
sins  of  intemperate  conservatism  and  sins  of 
intemperate  radicalism,  and  It  Is  easy  to  swerve 

34 


EXEGETICAL  THEOLOGY 

to  one  side  or  the  other.  As  for  the  student 
in  process  of  forming  his  convictions,  he  needs 
to  cultivate  patience  and  openness  of  mind, 
avoiding  at  once  a  blind  tenacity  in  holding 
on  to  old  views  and  rashness  in  committing 
himself  to  new.  If  at  any  time  he  is  tempted 
to  be  disturbed  by  the  findings  of  criticism 
he  should  fortify  his  confidence  by  contem- 
plating the  immeasurable  wealth  of  ethical 
and  religious  truth  in  the  Bible.  ''To  theo- 
logical students,"  says  Philip  Schaff,  "I  would 
give  the  advice  as  the  best  safeguard  against 
skepticism  to  master  first  and  last  the  contents 
of  the  Bible,  and  never  to  lose  sight  of  its 
spiritual  truths,  which  are  immeasurably  more 
important  than  all  the  questions  of  lower  and 
higher  criticism."  (Theological  Propaedeutic, 
p.  184.) 

5.  Biblical  Introduction  is  naturally  men- 
tioned in  close  connection  with  Literary  and 
Historical  Criticism,  The  fruits  of  that  criti- 
cism enter  into  its  appropriate  matter.  Indeed, 
in  characterizing  the  task  of  the  one  we  have 
named  the  principal  themes  of  the  other.  In- 
troduction falls  into  two  main  divisions,  since 
there  are  points  of  description  which  apply  to 
the  Old  Testament  group  of  writings  as  a 
whole,  and  others  that  are  pertinent  to  the 

35 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPEDIA 

New  Testament.  In  the  proper  execution  of 
its  function  it  serves  as  a  propaedeutic  to  the 
study  of  each  Testament,  and  also  of  the  indi- 
vidual books  of  each.  The  limits  within 
which  it  should  be  confined  are  not  very  dis- 
tinctly marked ;  but  evidently  it  can  not  deal 
at  length  with  the  subject-matter  of  the  Bib- 
lical books  without  trenching  on  the  province 
of  other  theological  branches. 

6.  Hermeneutics  lays  down  the  general 
principles  which  should  govern  interpretation. 
Among  the  foremost  of  these  are  the  follow- 
ing :  ( I )  Primary  respect  is  to  be  paid  to  the 
meaning  of  the  words  in  a  given  passage  and 
to  the  grammatical  construction.  While  some 
concession  may  be  made  to  the  idea  of  a  typ- 
ical, mystical,  or  allegorical  sense  in  the  Scrip- 
ture, the  demand  should  not  be  overlooked 
for  great  caution  and  discrimination  in  dealing 
with  this  element.  (2)  Interpretation  should 
carefully  regard  the  context,  take  note  of  par- 
allel passages,  and  make  distinct  account  of 
the  place  which  the  given  passage  occupies  in 
the  progress  of  revelation.  (3)  Interpretation 
should  have  respect  to  the  class  of  writings  to 
which  a  given  composition  belongs,  awarding 
due  recognition  to  the  presumption  that  the 
distinctive   peculiarities   of   the   class  will   ap- 

36 


EXEGETICAL  THEOLOGY 

pear  with  greater  or  less  fullness  In  the  Indi- 
vidual specimen.  (4)  Interpretation  should 
be  sympathetic  with  the  standpoint  of  an 
author,  and  should  proceed  on  the  basis  of 
the  best  possible  Insight  Into  his  Intellectual 
and  emotional  modes  and  his  literary  pecul- 
iarities. 

7.  Exegesis  utilizes  the  contributions  of  all 
the  aforementioned  branches  In  the  great  task 
of  a  detailed  Interpretation  of  the  Bible.  So 
large  Is  the  ground  to  be  covered,  and  so  great 
Is  the  variety  of  literature  In  the  Bible,  that 
no  one  exegete  is  likely  to  be  a  competent  mas- 
ter In  the  whole  field.  The  well-qualified  In- 
terpreter Is  the  one  who,  after  being  schooled 
to  a  good  degree  In  the  whole  Bible,  has  taken 
time  and  pains  to  make  himself  an  expert  on 
some  particular  portion.  This  fact  affords  an 
obvious  rule  for  the  selection  of  commentaries. 


37 


CHAPTER  IV 

Historical  Theology 

In  its  Biblical  part  Historical  Theology  in- 
cludes the  following  main  divisions :  Old  Tes- 
tament History,  the  Life  of  Christ,  the  His- 
tory of  the  Apostolic  Age,  Biblical  Theology 
of  the  Old  Testament,  and  Biblical  Theology 
of  the  New  Testament.  Etymologically  con- 
sidered ''Biblical  Theology"  might  denote 
other  than  a  historical  branch.  It  might  be 
taken  as  substantially  identical  with  Biblical 
Dogmatics,  and  thus  signify  an  organic  or  sys- 
tematized presentation  of  doctrine  on  the  basis 
of  inductions  from  the  sum  total  of  Biblical 
data.  But  in  common  usage  Biblical  The- 
ology has  very  decided  historical  associations. 
It  is  actually  treated  as  the  history  of  doctrine 
within  Biblical  limits,  its  object  being  to  set 
forth  the  genesis  of  doctrine  and  its  movement 
through  the  various  stages  which  may  be  dis- 

38 


HISTORICAL  THEOLOGY 

cerned  in  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  re- 
spectively. 

The  canons  for  the  treatment  of  Biblical 
history  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  for 
dealing  with  historical  matters  generally.  It 
should  be  remembered,  however,  that  it  only 
harmonizes  with  the  true  historic  method  to 
acknowledge  extraordinary  elements  in  Bib- 
lical history,  should  good  evidence  appear  for 
their  reality.  While  positive  dogmatic  pre- 
suppositions are  not  to  be  read  into  the  Bib- 
lical narratives,  no  more  is  matter  to  ^e  read 
out  of  those  narratives  on  the  score  of  negative 
dogmatic  presuppositions,  such  as  the  non- 
occurrence of  divine  interventions  in  the 
course  of  human  history.  It  is  fair  to  ask  the 
extraordinary  or  miraculous  to  give  a  good 
account  of  itself,  and  to  submit  to  certain 
tests  of  credibility;  but  to  exclude  it  by  a 
sweeping  speculative  dictum  in  no  wise  savors 
of  historical  method.  To  resort  to  sheer  dog- 
matism on  the  one  side  or  the  other  is  doubt- 
less the  easier  course ;  but  the  historic  spirit  is 
patient  and  shy  of  over-large  conclusions.  If 
it  finds  evidence  of  legendary  accretions  in 
the  Bible  it  will  accept  the  fact,  but  will  not 
on  that  account  stamp  as  unhistorical  super- 
natural manifestations  in  general.     It  is  not 

39 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPiT:DIA 

to  be  overlooked  that  even  a  legend  may  serve 
to  convey  a  religious  lesson,  and  that  a  re- 
ligion which  is  solidly  based  in  history  may 
yet  have  a  certain  fringe  of  legendary  repre- 
sentations in  its  sacred  oracles.  No  one  doubts 
that  there  is  a  real  biography  of  Luther,  even 
should  it  be  concluded  that  the  story  of  his 
ink-bottle  salute  to  the  devil  and  some  other 
items  may  have  a  legendary  cast.  In  like 
manner  a  sprinkling  of  legendary  matter  in 
some  portions  of  the  Bible  w^ould  afford  no 
valid  occasion  to  doubt  that  the  Bible  con- 
tains a  real  history  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  in 
the  world. 

The  post-Biblical  part  of  Historical  The- 
ology falls  into  two  main  divisions,  namely, 
General  Church  History  and  the  History  of 
Christian  Doctrine.  The  latter,  it  Is  true,  is 
not  logically  excluded  from  the  former.  Gen- 
eral Church  History  must  give  some  account 
of  doctrinal  developments.  But  the  subject- 
matter  on  the  doctrinal  side  of  Christian  his- 
tory Is  so  immense  that  Its  detailed  treatment 
Is  very  properly  assigned  to  a  di'stinct  branch. 

How  many  subdivisions  shall  be  made  of 

General   Church    History   Is  very  largely   an 

optional  matter.     In  dealing  with  so  wide  an 

area  it   is  of   course   easy   to   mark  off  many 

40 


HISTORICAL  THEOLOGY 

provinces.  One  can  devote  special  considera- 
tion to  the  earlier  stages  of  Christian  history 
under  the  name  of  the  History  of  the  Early 
Church,  Patristics,  Christian  Archaeology,  or 
Christian  Antiquities  —  an  enumeration  in 
w^hich  the  first  term  stands  for  the  compre- 
hensive narrative;  the  second,  for  an  account 
of  the  lives  and  writings  of  the  fathers  (usu- 
ally of  the  first  six  centuries)  ;  and  the  third 
and  fourth,  for  a  systematic  presentation  of 
monumental  and  documentary  evidence  on  the 
art,  institutions,  rites,  customs,  and  character- 
istic modes  of  thought  and  feeling  in  the  early 
Christian  community.  Mediaeval  and  modern 
developments  may  in  like  manner  be  set  apart 
for  distinct  treatment.  Such  themes  as  mis- 
sions, polity,  discipline,  worship,  and  art  make 
suitable  subjects  for  a  special  historical  con- 
sideration. Statistical  summaries  which  serve 
as  an  index  of  progress  or  decadence  in  re- 
ligion and  morals  serve  also  a  good  purpose. 
None  of  these  themes  should  be  excluded  from 
the  general  treatise ;  but  it  fulfills  a  useful  end 
to  supplement  the  general  treatise  w^ith  mono- 
graphs which  attempt  a  minute  representation 
of  particular  topics. 

In  a  judicious  management  of  Church  His- 
tory  careful    attention   will    be   given   to   the 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCVCLOP^^^.DIA 

need  of  a  just  balance  between  the  Individual 
and  the  general,  between  the  chronicle  of 
events  and  the  delineation  of  the  inner  life 
of  the  people.  While  the  importance  of  get- 
ting at  general  laws  and  tendencies  will  not 
be  overlooked,  it  w^ill  be  recognized  that  the 
personal  factor  counts  for  not  a  little.  While 
great  public  events  and  the  transactions  in 
high  official  station  will  not  be  neglected,  due 
attention  will  be  given  to  the  fact  that  the 
genius  of  Christianity  and  the  beneficent  re- 
sults of  its  true  enthronement  are  quite  as  well 
illustrated  in  less  conspicuous  lines — in  the 
tenor  of  domestic  life,  in  social  amelioration, 
in  the  kind  of  moral  leaven  infused  into  litera- 
ture, and  in  the  measure  of  practical  endeavor 
to  alleviate  suffering  and  to  promote  every 
form  of  human  well-being. 

In  connection  with  the  History  of  Christian 
Doctrine  there  is  less  occasion  for  subdivision 
than  obtains  in  relation  to  General  Church 
History.  The  most  important  subsidiary 
branch  of  the  former  passes  under  the  name  of 
Symbolics,  by  which  is  denoted  the  treatise  on 
the  creeds  representative  of  different  Christian 
communions.  One  may  indeed  treat  the  creeds 
of  Christendom  as  a  basis  for  dogmatic  or 
polemical  disquisition ;  but  primarily  they  are 
42 


HISTORICAL  THEOLOGY 

matter  for  historical  consideration.  Symbolics 
finds  its  most  appropriate  place  in  association 
with  the  History  of  Christian  Doctrine. 

Among  the  branches  auxiliary  to  Histor- 
ical Theology  may  be  mentioned  the  general 
histories  of  the  nations  which  have  served  as 
the  field  of  Christianity,  and  also  the  histories 
of  the  more  important  non-Christian  religions. 
To  the  History  of  Christian  Doctrine  a  spe- 
cially important  auxiliary  is  the  History  of 
Philosophy.  From  its  first  days  down  to  the 
present  doctrinal  construction  has  been  to  a 
noticeable  extent  implicated  with  philosophical 
speculation. 


43 


CHAPTER  V 

Systematic  •  Theology 

Systematic  Theology  has  for  Its  office  the 
orderly  presentation  and  justification  of  the 
whole  body  of  teachings  or  beliefs  which  be- 
long to  the  Christian  religion.  Its  principal 
divisions  are  Apologetics,  Christian  Dogmat- 
ics, and  Christian  Ethics.  The  second  of  these 
divisions,  as  being  the  central  and  most  In- 
clusive branch  of  Systematic  Theology,  Is 
sometimes  presented  under  that  name.  Be- 
sides the  divisions  named,  mention  might  be 
made  of  Biblical  Dogmatics.  But  the  demand 
for  such  a  branch  in  addition  to  Biblical  The- 
ology and  Christian  Dogmatics  is  scarcely  Im- 
perative ;  for  the  former  of  these  two  presents 
ready  means  for  estimating  the  tenor  of  Bib- 
lical teaching  on  all  Important  lines  of  in- 
quiry, and  the  latter  takes  up  all  the  data  the 
Bible  has  to  offer  for  the  determination  of 
dogmatic  conclusions.  If  only  a  secondary  de- 
mand exists  for  Biblical  Dogmatics,  still  less 

44 


SYSTEMATIC  THEOLOGY 

clearly  is  it  incumbent  upon  us  to  reserve  a 
distinct  place  for  Polemics  and  Irenics.  Every 
well-devised  apologetic  or  dogmatic  treatise 
must  be  at  once  polemical  and  irenical,  repuls- 
ing either  directly  or  indirectly  conclusions  op- 
posite to  those  represented,  and  at  the  same 
time  recognizing,  in  the  spirit  of  candor,  the 
points  on  which  the  favored  system  agrees 
with  its  rivals.  Special  junctures  in  religious 
history  may  indeed  give  fitting  occasion  to 
treatises  predominantly  polemical  or  predom- 
inantly irenical;  but,  in  general,  the  theolog- 
ical curriculum  is  not  to  be  regarded  as  suf- 
fering mutilation  through  the  absence  of  such 
treatises. 

A  well-rounded  system  of  Christian  Dog- 
matics unavoidably  incorporates  not  a  little  of 
apologetic  matter.  In  the  preliminary  por- 
tions the  general  premises  on  which  the  given 
system  builds  need  to  be  justified,  in  order  that 
the  claims  of  the  system,  as  understood  by  its 
framer,  may  be  set  in  their  proper  light.  Also, 
in  the  unfoldment  of  the  system  occasion  will 
arise  to  substantiate  this  or  that  conclusion  as 
being  rational  as  well  as  Christian.  At  the 
same  time,  in  consideration  of  the  largeness 
of  the  matter  which  enters  into  the  defense  of 
the  essential  content  of  Christianity,  a  branch 

45 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPi^DIA 

devoted  specifically  to  the  office  of  that  de- 
fense serves  a  good  purpose.  As  the  terms  just 
used  suggest,  Apologetics  In  Its  general  signifi- 
cation Is  confined  to  the  defense  of  the  essen- 
tial content  of  Christianity.  Its  work  Is  to 
justify  the  Christian  religion  as  a  whole 
against  anti-Christian  and  non-Christian  ri- 
vals. An  extended  consideration  of  dogmatic 
details  does  not  fall  within  its  scope. 

Christian  Dogmatics  claims  a  wide  basis. 
It  builds  its  structure  upon  written  revelation, 
but  not  exclusively.  Any  form  of  evidence 
which  can  serve  to  legitimate  doctrinal  convic- 
tion is  to  be  regarded  as  lying  within  Its  ter- 
ritory. It  accordingly  puts  the  whole  of  re- 
ligious history,  and  especially  of  Christian  his- 
tory, under  contribution.  It  freely  avails  It- 
self also  of  scientific  and  philosophical  data  so 
far  as  they  have  any  obvious  bearing  on  its 
themes.  While  this  much  is  to  be  claimed, 
It  Is  to  be  acknowledged  that  there  Is  occasion 
for  considering  what  the  law  of  due  propor- 
tion requires  as  respects  recourse  to  different 
fields  of  evidence.  A  system  of  Christian 
Dogmatics  ought  certainly  to  be  permeated 
with  the  Biblical  teaching.  In  the  normal 
procedure  historical  and  rational  data  will  be 
employed  rather  to  confirm  and  to  supplement 

46 


SYSTEMATIC  THEOLOGY 

that  teaching  than  to  displace  and  to  over- 
shadow the  same. 

Stress  Is  often  placed  upon  the  idea  that 
Christian  Dogmatics  should  bear  a  confessional 
character,  that  is,  should  reflect  the  doctrinal 
type  of  a  particular  Christian  communion. 
Within  limits  this  contention  may  be  granted. 
The  framer  of  a  dogmatic  system  can  not  be 
expected  to  deny  outright  the  prepossessions 
which  belong  to  him  as  a  member  of  a  partic- 
ular communion.  Moreover,  the  demands  of 
good  manners  and  of  good  fellowship  require 
him  to  keep  aloof  from  needless  antagonisms. 
At  the  same  time  the  higher  allegiance  of  a 
man  is  due  to  truth.  The  Christian  dogmatist 
normally  makes  It  his  supreme  aim  to  give  an 
unbiased  exposition  of  the  Christian  system. 
Unmitigated  confesslonalism  Is  not  likely  to 
promote  the  scientific  construction  of  Chris- 
tian Doctrine. 

As  respects  arrangement  of  the  main  themes 
of  Christian  Dogmatics,  there  Is  little  chance 
to  Improve  on  the  general  plan  which  has  long 
claimed  the  preference.  The  best  arrange- 
ment Is  that  which  follows  most  nearly  the 
line  of  logical  succession.  In  the  proper  order 
of  thought  God  Is  the  presupposition  of  man. 
Man,  the  sinner,  is  the  presupposition  of  the 

47 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPAEDIA 

advent  of  the  Savior  and  of  His  work  of  re- 
demption. This  last  is  the  presupposition  of 
the  realization  of  the  kingdom  of  God  in  the 
individual  and  in  the  race.  Accordingly 
after  dealing,  in  an  introductory  division,  with 
the  grounds  and  sources  of  theology,  we  se- 
cure an  appropriate  order  by  making  the  prin- 
cipal themes  to  be,  in  succession,  God,  the 
Subjects  of  God's  Moral  Government,  the 
Person  and  Work  of  Christ,  and  the  Kingdom 
of  Grace,  or  the  Practical  Realization  of  the 
Redemptive  Purpose.  The  several  divisions 
may  be  variously  subdivided.  The  last-named 
includes  not  less  than  three  great  topics, 
namely,  the  Personal  Appropriation  of  Salva- 
tion, Ecclesiology,  and  Eschatology. 

In  dealing  with  men  as  subjects  of  moral 
government  and  as  candidates  for  citizenship 
in  a  divine  kingdom.  Christian  Dogmatics  en- 
ters the  ethical  domain.  It  falls  within  its 
province  to  depict  the  moral  ideals  to  which 
Christians  individually  and  collectively  are 
obligated.  However,  on  account  of  the  ex- 
tent of  the  field  of  ethical  study.  Christian 
Dogmatics  may  appropriately  award  thereto 
a  somewhat  general  consideration,  leaving  the 
discussion  of  details  to  a  special  branch  under 
the  title  of  Christian  Ethics.  The  term 
48 


SYSTEMATIC  THEOLOGY 

"Christian"  in  this  title  serves  as  a  means  of 
distinguishing  this  branch  from  Philosophical 
Ethics.  The  two  have  not  a  little  in  common. 
The  main  distinction  is  that  Christian  Ethics 
has  a  specific  historic  basis,  and  makes  its  in- 
ductions in  the  light  of  the  personal  perfection 
and  the  authoritative  teaching  of  Jesus  Christ ; 
while  Philosophical  Ethics  obtains  its  stand- 
ards more  largely  by  reasoning  from  the  idea 
of  man.  Conformity  with  the  spirit  of  Christ 
is  the  goal  to  which  the  former  looks;  realiza- 
tion of  the  idea  of  man  is  the  goal  which  the 
latter  sets  forth.  The  two  may  be  regarded 
as  describing  from  different  points  of  view  the 
same  ideal. 

As  has  been  indicated,  Systematic  Theology 
has  an  important  auxiliary  in  the  Philosophy 
of  Religion.  The  office  of  the  latter  Is  to 
ascertain,  on  the  basis  of  the  sum  total  of 
religious  manifestations  in  the  world,  the 
grounds  and  nature  of  the  religious  principle, 
and  the  essential  characteristics  of  religion  at 
Its  best.  In  so  far  as  the  inductions  arrived  at 
In  this  way  accord  with  Christian  premises 
and  ideals,  the  Philosophy  of  Religion  Is  evi- 
dently fitted  to  serve  as  an  ally  of  Christian 
Dogmatics,  and  also  of  Christian  Apologetics 
and  Ethics. 

4  49 


CHAPTER    VI 

Practical  Theology 

Proceeding  on  the  ground  of  the  character 
and  aims  of  the  Christian  religion  as  eluci- 
dated by  the  preceding  divisions,  Practical 
Theology  considers  the  appropriate  means  and 
methods  of  bringing  that  religion  to  actual  su- 
premacy in  the  life  of  men.  Its  leading 
branches  are  Liturgies,  Homiletics,  and  Pas- 
toral Theology. 

Liturgies  treats  not  only  of  sacramental  per- 
formances, but  also  of  all  those  parts  of  the 
public  worship  which  do  not  fall  within  the 
special  domain  of  Homiletics.  The  ritual  in 
which  the  congregation  participates,  the  devo- 
tional reading  of  the  Scriptures,  public  prayer, 
and  the  use  of  hymns  and  sacred  music  are 
themes  which  belong  within  its  province. 
Furthermore,  it  treats  of  the  order  of  exer- 
cises   and    the    combination    of    factors    best 

50 


PRACTICAL  THEOLOGY 

adapted  to  give  symmetry  and  perfection  to 
the  public  service  as  a  whole. 

The  office  of  Homiletics  is  to  set  forth  the 
principles  of  effective  religious  discourse.  It 
is  essentially  the  science  of  preaching.  Accord- 
ing to  the  New  Testament  conception  the  spe- 
cial ambassador  of  Christ  is  eminently  a 
prophet,  a  preacher,  a  minister  of  the  Word. 
He  is  to  be  apt  to  teach.  He  is  to  know 
how  to  use  the  word  of  the  Lord,  so  that  in 
his  hands  it  may  be  a  quick  and  powerful  in- 
strument, as  well  as  a  means  of  healing  and 
consolation.  Homiletics  aims  to  expound  and 
to  illustrate  the  conditions  of  this  order  of 
ministerial  efficiency.  It  includes  all  princi- 
ples and  rules  which  may  legitimately  govern 
the  construction  and  delivery  of  sermons. 

Pastoral  theolog\^  has  to  do  with  the  work 
of  the  Christian  minister  as  the  shepherd  of 
souls  and  the  leader  of  religious  society. 
Whatever  pertains  to  the  discreet  fulfillment 
of  the  offices  of  religious  counsel  and  consola- 
tion in  relation  to  individuals  and  families 
falls  within  its  scope.  Equally  it  includes 
whatever  bears  upon  the  task  of  directing  the 
organized  efforts  of  a  congregation  or  society 
on  the  various  lines  of  religious  and  benevo- 
lent enterprise. 

51 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOP/LDIA 

A  number  of  branches  may  be  specified 
which  are  subordinate  to  Pastoral  Theology, 
or  at  least  closely  allied  therewith.  One  of 
these  grows  out  of  the  office  of  the  Christian 
shepherd  to  bring  the  young  into  the  fold 
of  Christ,  or  more  generally  speaking,  to  pre- 
pare the  immature,  by  instruction  suited  to 
their  capacity,  for  taking  upon  themselves  the 
responsibilities  of  the  Christian  profession. 
Corresponding  to  this  function  is  the  branch 
which  bears  the  name  of  Catechetics.  This 
has  for  its  province  the  principles  and  rules 
which  should  govern  the  initial  forms  of  re- 
ligious tuition.  Its  successful  treatment  re- 
quires a  keen  understanding  of  the  mental 
needs  of  the  child,  a  sympathetic  recognition 
of  his  limitations,  and  a  ready  apprehension  of 
those  ways  of  presenting  truth  wdiich  best 
minister  to  healthy  feeling.  In  short,  it  takes 
considerable  of  an  artist  in  religion  to  devise 
or  to  execute  In  Ideal  shape  a  catechetical 
scheme.  No  pastor  should  regard  this  task 
as  belonging  to  an  inferior  range  of  ministe- 
rial activity.  To  get  down  among  the  chil- 
dren and  to  utilize  the  power  of  a  genial  and 
sympathetic  intimacy  with  them  for  leading 
them  into  the  ways  of  religion,  will  tax  one's 
genius  and  skill  quite  as  much  as  the  effort  to 
52 


PRACTICAL  THEOLOGY 

soar  into  the  highest  reahns  of  rch'gioiis  think- 
ing. 

Pastoral  leadership  implies  evidcntl3-  a  con- 
siderable knowledge  of  ecclesiastical  polity 
and  discipline.  At  least  the  pastor  can  not 
with  any  propriety  fail  of  a  good  acquaintance 
with  the  system  of  polity  and  discipline  which 
obtains  in  his  own  communion ;  and  of  course 
an  intelligent  understanding  of  one  system  is 
furthered  by  a  study  of  related  and  opposing 
systems.  There  is  room,  therefore,  under 
Pastoral  Theology  for  a  branch  which  treats 
of  Ecclesiastical  Polity  and  Ecclesiastical  Dis- 
cipline (or  Church  Law),  so  far  as  is  needful 
to  promote  intelligent  administration. 

A.S  Christian  enterprise  transcends  a  local 
outlook,  and  makes  nothing  less  than  the 
world  its  field,  the  pastor  and  his  congregation 
must  take  account  of  their  relation  to  the 
wider  sphere  of  evangelization.  A  place 
therefore  is  fitly  provided  in  Practical  The- 
ology for  a  branch  which  treats  of  the  obli- 
gations and  methods  of  missionary  labor.  It 
might  be  termed  the  Theory  of  IMissionary 
Work. 

In  recent  years  much  has  been  said  on  the 
need  of  utilizing  religion  in  the  direction  of 
social     amelioration.       The     conviction     has 
53 


THEOLOGICAL  ENCYCLOPii:DIA 

gained  ground  that  the  religious  teacher 
should  investigate  the  great  problems  of  the 
day  relative  to  the  temporal  and  moral  con- 
ditions of  the  masses,  and  should  be  ready  to 
apply  to  these  problems  such  means  of  solu- 
tion as  are  contained,  implicitly  or  explicitly, 
in  the  Gospel  teaching.  Not  a  little  may  be 
conceded  to  this  conviction.  A  question  may 
indeed  be  raised  as  to  what  extent  sociological 
study  should  be  recognized  in  a  theological 
curriculum.  A  full  discussion  of  purely  eco- 
nomic questions  evidently  has  small  claim  to 
admission.  But  the  viewpoint  of  Christian 
ethics  is  legitimately  applied  to  all  the  rela- 
tions of  man  with  man.  There  is,  therefore, 
a  place  in  Practical  Theology  for  a  branch 
which  aims  not  only  to  throw  light  on  the 
proper  ministration  of  charities,  but  also  to 
serve  as  a  guide  to  the  pastor  in  his  relation 
to  other  problems  of  a  sociological  order. 
Such  a  branch  might  be  entitled  Christian 
Sociology. 


54 


Literature 


First  Main  Division 

I 

Brown,  Driver,  Briggs,  Hebrew  and  English  Lexi- 
con of  the  Old  Testament. 

A.  S.  Geden,  Outlines  of  Introduction  to  the  He- 
brew  Bible. 

J.  H.  Thayer,   Greek-English  Lexicon. 

H.  G.  Mitchell,  Hebrew  Lessons.  A  Book  for  Be- 
ginners. 

W.  R.  Harper,  Elements  of  Hebrew  Syntax. 

G.  B.  Winer,  Grammar  of  New  Testament  Greek, 
with  additions  by  W.  F.  Moulton. 

A.  T.  Robertson,  A  Short  Grammar  of  the  Greek 
New  Testament. 

II 

James  Hastings,  Dictionary  of  the  Bible;  5  vols.; 
also  a  one-volume  Dictionary. 

The  New  Schaff-Herzog  Encyclopaedia  of  Reli- 
gious Knowledge;   12  vols. 

S.  R.  Driver,  Modern  Research  as  Illustrating  the 
Old  Testament. 

F.  J.  Bliss,  The  Development  of  Palestine  Explora- 
tion. 

G.  A.  Smith,  Historical  Geography  of  the  Holy 
Land. 

57 


LITERATURE 
III 

H.  E.  Ryle,  Canon  of  the  Old  Testament. 

F.  Buhl,  Canon  and  Text  of  the  Old  Testament. 

B.  F.  Westcott,  a  General  Survey  of  the  History 
of  the  Canon  of  the  New  Testament. 

C.  R.  Gregory,  Canon  and  Text  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

IV 

J.  E.  McFadyen,  Old  Testament  Criticism  and  the 
Christian  Church. 

G.  A.  Smith,  Modern  Criticism  and  the  Preaching 
of  the  Old  Testament. 

James  Orr,  The  Problem  of  the  Old  Testament. 

H.  S.  Nash,  The  History  of  the  Higher  Criticism  of 
the   New  Testament. 

J.  C.  Hawkins,  Horae  Synoptlcae. 

V.  H.  Stanton,  The  Gospels  as  Historical  Docu- 
ments ;   2  vols. 

W.  Sand  AY,  Criticism  of  the  Fourth  Gospel. 

J.  Drummond,  The  Character  and  Authorship  of 
the  Fourth  Gospel. 

Adolph  Harnack,  Luke  the  Physician. 


S.  R.  Driver,  Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  the 
Old  Testament. 

J.  E.  McFadyen,  An  Introduction  to  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. 

Bennett  and  Adeney,  A  Biblical  Introduction. 

A.  S.  Peake,  a  Critical  Introduction  to  the  New 
Testament. 


58 


LITERATURE 

A.  JuELiCilER,   Introduction  to  the  New  Testament. 

B.  Weiss,  A  Manual  of  Introduction  to  the  New 
Testament ;  2  vols. 

Th.  Zahn,   Introduction  to  the  New  Testament;   3 

vols.,  Eng.  Trans. 
G.  Dalman,  The  Words  of  Jesus  Considered  in  the 

Light  of  Post-Biblical  Jewish  Writings  and  the 

Aramaic  Language. 

VI 

F.  W.  Farrar,  History  of  Interpretation. 

C.  A.  Briggs,  Study  of  Holy  Scripture. 
*M.  S.  Terry,  Biblical  Hermeneutics. 

G.  H.  Gilbert,  The  Interpretation  of  the  Bible. 

VII 

Briggs,  Driver,  PlUxMMEr  (Editors),  The  Interna- 
tional Critical  Commentary  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
tures  of   the    Old    and    New   Testaments. 

The  Expositor's  Greek  Testament;   5  vols. 

W.   F.  Adeney    (Editor),  The  New  Century  Bible. 

Walter  Lock  (Editor),  Westminster  Commenta- 
ries. 

H.  A.  W.  Meyer  (Editor),  Commentary  on  the 
New  Testament;    11   vols. 

D.  A.  Whedon,  Commentary  on  the  New  Testa- 
ment; 5  vols. 


F.  C.  Eiselen,  The  Minor  Prophets. 

B.  F.  Westcott,  The  Gospel  According  to  St.  John. 

The  Epistles  of  St.  John. 

The  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews. 

59 


LITERATURE 

J.  B.  LiGHTFOOT,  St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Galatians, 
the  Philippians,  the  Colossians,  and  Philemon. 

J.  B.  Mayor,  The  Epistle  of  St.  James. 

M.  S.  Terry,  Apocalyptics. 

H.  B.  SvvEtE,  The  Apocalypse  of  St.  John. 

W.  Ramsay,  The  Letters  to  the  Seven  Churches  of 
Asia. 

Second  Main  Division 
I 

R.  L.  Ottley,  a  Short  History  of  the  Hebrews. 
C.  F.  Kent,  The  Historical  Bible;  6  vols. 

II 

Alfred  Edersheim,  The  Life  and  Times  of  Jesus 

the  Messiah. 
F.  W.  Farrar,  The  Life  of  Christ. 
W.  Sanday,  Outlines  of  a  Life  of  Christ. 
Rush  Rhees,  The  Life  of  Jesus  of  Nazareth. 
A.  E.  Garvie,  Studies  in  the  Inner  Life  of  Jesus. 
C.  E.  Jefferson,  The  Character  of  Jesus. 
Carl  Ullmann,  The  Sinlessness  of  Jesus. 

Ill 

Philip  Schaff,  Apostolic  Christianity  (Vol.  I  of  his 
History  of   the   Christian   Church). 

J.  H.  Ropes,  The  Apostolic  Age  in  the  Light  of 
Modern    Criticism. 

A.  McGiFFERT,  History  of  Christianity  in  the  Apos- 
tolic Age. 

60 


LITERATURE 

J.  V.  Bartlett,  The  Apostolic  Age,   Its  Life,  Doc- 
trine,  Worship,    and   Polity. 

C.    Weizsacker,    Apostolic    Age    of    the    Christian 
Church;  z  vols. 

IV 

CoNYBEARE   AND   HowsoN,   Life   and   Epistles  of   St. 

Paul;  2  vols. 
W.    Ramsay,    St.    Paul,    the    Traveler    and    Roman 

Citizen. 
H.  Weinel,  St.  Paul,  the  Man  and  His  Work. 


Hermann  Schultz,  Old  Testament  Theology;  2 
vols. 

W.  H.  Bennett,  The  Theology  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. 

A.  B.  Davidson,  The  Theology  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. 
Old  Testament  Prophecy. 

C.  H.  CoRNiLL,  The  Prophets  of  Israel. 

E.   RiEHM,   Messianic  Prophecy. 

C.  A.  Briggs,  Messianic  Prophecy. 

VI 

W.  Fairweather,  The  Background  of  the  Gospels; 
or,  Judaism  in  the  Period  between  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments. 

G.  B.  Stevens,  The  Theologj-  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

W.  Beyschlag,  New  Testament  Theology;   2  vols. 

H.  C.  Sheldon,   New  Testament  Theology. 

A.  Robertson,  Regnum  Dei. 
61 


LITERATURE 

A.  B.  Bruce,  The  Kingdom  of  God. 

St.   Paul's  Conception  of  Christianity. 
A.  B.  D.  Alexander,  The  Ethics  of  St.  Paul. 
W.  P.  Dickson,  St.  Paul's  Use  of  the  Terms  Flesh 

and  Spirit. 

VII 

Philip  Schaff,  History  of  the  Christian  Church; 
7  vols.  (Vol.  V  is  in  two  parts;  Vol.  VII  ends 
with  the   Swiss  Reformation.) 

H.  C.  Sheldon,  History  of  the  Christian  Church. 
Vol.  I,  The  Early  Church;  Vol.  II,  the  Medi- 
aeval  Church;   Vols.  III-V,  the   Modern   Church. 

J.  A.  MoELLER,  History  of  the  Christian  Church; 
3   vols. 

A.  H.  Newman,  Manual  of  Church  History;  2  vols. 

\V.  F.  Adeney,  The  Greek  and  Eastern  Churches. 

VIII 

Adolf  Harnack,  The  Mission  arid  Expansion  of 
Christianity  in  the  First  Three  Centuries;  2  vols. 
The  Constitution  and  Law  of  the  Church  in  the 
First  Two  Centuries. 

Charles  Bigg,  The  Church's  Task  Under  the  Ro- 
man Empire. 

Ernst  von  Dobschuetz,  Christian  Life  in  the  Prim- 
itive Church. 

T.  M.  Lindsay,  The  Church  and  the  Ministry  in 
the  Early  Centuries. 

E.  Hatch,  The  Organization  of  Early  Christian 
Churches. 

James  Heron,  The  Church  of  the  Sub-Apostolic 
Age. 

62 


LITERATURE 

W.  Bright,  The  Roman  See  in  the  Early  Church. 
F.  W.  Puller,  The   Primitive   Saints   and  the  See 
of   Rome. 

IX 

H.  B.  SwETE,  Patristic  Study. 

W.  Bright,  The  Age  of  the  Fathers. 

Ante-Nicene  Christian  Library  (Clark,  Edin- 
burgh), 25  vols. 

Select  Library  of  the  Nicene  and  Post-Nicene 
Fathers  of  the  Christian  Church  (Edited  by 
Schaff  and  Wace),  two  series,  of  14  vols.  each. 


Smith  and  Cheetham,  Dictionary  of  Christian  An- 
tiquities; 2  vols. 
C.  W.  Bennett,  Christian  Archaeology. 
W.  LowRiE,  Monuments  of  the  Early  Church. 

XI 

H.    H.    MiLMAN,    History   of   Latin    Christianity;    8 

vols. 
G.  Krueger,  The  Rise  of  the  Papacy. 
F.  A.  Gregorovius,  History  of  the  City  of  Rome  in 

the  Middle  Ages;   8  vols. 
L.  Pastor,  History  of  the  Popes  from  the  Close  of 

the  Middle  Ages;   10  vols. 
H.  C.  Lea,  History  of  the  Inquisition  in  the  Middle 

Ages;  3  vols. 

History  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition;  4  vols. 
William   Muir,  The  Caliphate;   Its  Rise,  Decline, 

and   Fall. 

63 


LITERATURE 

G.  V.  Lechler,  John  Wycliffe  and  His  English  Pre- 
cursors. 
J.  LoSERTH,  Wiclif  and  Hus. 
A.  H.  Wratislaw,  John  Hus. 


XII 

J.  Burckhardt,  The  Civilization  of  the  Period  of 
the  Renaissance  in  Italy. 

Paul  Van  Dyke,  The  Age  of  the  Renaissance. 

The  Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  I,  The  Re- 
naissance   (by  various  writers). 


XIII 

T.  M.  Lindsay,  A  History  of  the  Reformation;  2 
vols. 

G.  P.  Fisher,  The  Reformation. 

G.  W.  Child,  Church  and  State  under  the  Tudors. 

J.  KoESTLiN,  Life  of  Luther. 

W.  Walker,  John  Calvin,  the  Organizer  of  Re- 
formed Protestantism. 

A.  Lang,  John  Knox  and  the  Reformation. 

II.  M.  Baird,  History  of  the  Rise  of  the  Huguenots; 
2  vols. 

S.  R.  Gardiner,  The  First  Two  Stuarts  and  the 
Puritan  Revolution. 

John  Fiske,  The  Beginnings  of  New  England. 

A.  W.  Ward,  The  Counter  Reformation. 

F.  L.  Ranke,  History  of  the  Popes,  Their  Church 
and  State  in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Cen- 
turies. 


64 


LITERATURE 


XIV 


J.  F.  Hurst,  History  of  Methodism    (illustrated)  ; 

7  vols. 
Abel  Stevens,  History  of  Methodism;  3  vols. 

History  of  the   Methodist  Episcopal   Church;   4 

vols. 
The  Journal  of  John  Wesley,  Standard  Edition; 

6  vols. 
L.  Tyerman,  Life   and  Times  of  John  Wesley;    3 

vols. 

C.  T.  Winchester,  The  Life  of  Wesley. 

J.  J.  Tigert,  a  Constitutional  History  of  American 
Episcopal  Methodism. 

T.  B.  Neely,  The  Governing  Conference  in  Metho- 
dism. 

XV 

D.  Dorchester,   Christianity  in  the   United   States. 
American    Church    History    Series     (Edited    by 

Schaff  and  others)  ;   13  vols. 

XVI 

H.    C.    Sheldon,    Sacerdotalism    in    the    Nineteenth 

Century.     A   Critical    History. 
F.  Nielsen,  History  of  the  Papacy  in  the  Nineteenth 

Century;  2  vols. 
J.  J.  I.  voN  Doellinger,  The  Pope  and  the  Council 

(issued    primarily    on    the    eve    of    the    Vatican 

Council   under  the  name  of   "Janus"). 

Declarations  and  Letters  on  the  Vatican  Decrees. 
Samuel    Hall,    A    Short    History    of    the    Oxford 

Movement. 
J.  H.  Overton,  The  Anglican  Revival. 

5  65 


LITERATURE 

R.  H.  HuTTON,  Life  of  J.  H.  Newman. 

H.  P.  LiDDON,  Life  of  Pusey;  4  vols. 

Wilfrid    Ward,    W.    G.    Ward    and    the    Oxford 

Movement. 
Walter  Walsh,  The  Secret  History  of  the  Oxford 

Movement. 

History    of    the    Romeward    Movement    in    the 

Church  of  England. 

XVH 

E.  L.  CuTTS,  History  of  Early  Christian  Art. 

Anna  B.  Jameson,  Sacred  and  Legendary  Art;  2 
vols. 

J.  Fergusson,  a  History  of  Architecture  in  AH 
Countries ;   5   vols. 

G.  G.  Scott,  The  Rise  and  Development  of  Medi- 
aeval Architecture. 

W.  A.  Martin,  A  Manual  of  Ecclesiastical  Archi- 
tecture. 

WoLTMANN  and  Woermann,  History  of  Ancient, 
Early  Christian,  and  Mediaeval  Painting;  2  vols. 

R.  MuTHER,  The  History  of  Painting  from  the 
.    Fourth  to  the  Early  Nineteenth  Century;  2  vols. 

xvni 

DwiGHT,  TUPPER,  Bliss  (Editors),  The  Encyclo- 
paedia of   Missions. 

J.  S.  Dennis,  Christian  Missions  and  Social  Prog- 
ress; 3  vols. 

H.  P.  Beach,  Geography  and  Atlas  of  Protestant 
Missions. 

J.  R.  MoTT,  The  Decisive  Hour  of  Christian  Mis- 
sions. 

66 


LITERATURE 

J.    W.    Bashford,    God's    Missionary    Plan    for    the 

World. 
R.  E.  Speer,  Missionary  Principles,   and  Practice. 
R.  A.  Hume,  Missions  from  the  Modern  View. 

XIX 

Adolf  Harnack,  History  of  Dogma;  7  vols. 

R.  Seeberg,  History  of  Doctrine;   2  vols. 

H.  C.  Sheldon,  History  of  Christian  Doctrine,  4th 

edition ;  2  vols. 
G.  P.  Fisher,   History  of  Doctrine. 
J.  A.  Dorner,  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  the  Person 

of  Christ;   5  vols. 
F.  LiCHTENBERGER,  History  of  German  Theology  in 

the  Nineteenth  Century. 
Philip  Schaff,  The  Creeds  of  Christendom ;  3  vols. 


Third  Main  Division 
I 

G.  P.  Fisher,  The  Grounds  of  Theistic  and  Chris- 
tian Belief. 

H.  C.  Sheldon,  Unbelief  in  the  Nineteenth  Century. 

C.  W.  RiSHELL,  The  Foundations  of  the  Christian 
Faith. 

L.  F.  Stearns,  The  Evidence  of  Christian  Experi- 
ence. 

F.  J.  McCoNNELL,  Religious  Certainty. 

E.  A.  Edghill,  An  Enquiry  into  the  Evidential 
Value  of  Prophecy. 

James  Denney,  Jesus  and  the  Gospel. 

67 


LITERATURE 

R.   J.   Knowling,   The   Testimony   of   St.   Paul    to 

Christ. 
James  Orr,  The  Virgin  Birth  of  Christ. 

The  Resurrection  of  Jesus. 
R.  J.  Cooke,  The  Incarnation  and  Recent  Criticism. 

II 

J.  A.  DoRNER,  System  of  Christian  Doctrine ;  4  vols. 

H.  Martensen,  Christian  Dogmatics. 

O.  A.  Curtis,  The  Christian  Faith. 

H.  C.  Sheldon,  System  of  Christian  Doctrine. 

W.  A.  Brown,  Christian  Theology  in  Outline. 

W.  N.  Clarke,  Outline  of   Christian  Theology. 

M.  S.  Terry,  Biblical  Dogmatics. 

Ill 

C.  M.  Mead,  Supernatural  Revelation. 

Marcus  Dods,  The  Bible,  Its  Origin  and  Nature. 

B.  P.  Bowne,  Philosophy  of  Theism. 
Robert  Flint,  Theism. 
Andrew  Seth,  Two  Lectures  on  Theism. 
James  Iverach,  Theism  in  the  Light  of  Present  Sci- 
ence and  Philosophy. 

Horace  Bushnell,  Nature  and  the  Supernatural. 
James  Orr,  The  Christian  View  of   God   and  the 
World. 

J.  S.  LiDGETT,  The  Fatherhood  of  God. 
H.  P.  LiDDON,  The  Divinity  of  Our  Lord  and  Sav- 
iour  Jesus    Christ. 

68 


LITERATURE 

George  Smeaton,  The  Doctrine  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
H.  B.  SwETE,  The  Holy  Spirit  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

Julius  Mueller,   The   Christian   Doctrine   of   Sin; 
2  vols. ' 

F.  R.   Tennant,  The    Sources   of   the   Doctrines   of 
the  Fall  and  Original  Sin. 

W.  Sanday,  Christologies  Ancient  and  Modern. 

G.  A.  Gordon,  The  Christ  of  To-Day. 

A.  M.  Fairbairn,  The  Place  of  Christ  in  Modern 

Theology. 
P.    T.    Forsyth,    The    Person    and    Place    of    Jesus 

Christ. 
A.  B.  Bruce,  The  Humiliation  of  Christ. 

F.  J.  Hall,  The  Kenotic  Theory. 

J.  S.  LiDGETT,  The  Spiritual  Principle  of  the  Atone- 
ment. 

Horace  Bushnell,  The  Vicarious  Sacrifice. 
Forgiveness   and   Law. 

W.  P.  Du  Bose,  The  Soteriology  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

James  Denney,  The  Place  of  Christ's  Death  in  the 
New  Testament. 

G.  B.  Stevens,  The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Salvation. 
W.  F.  Tillett,  Personal  Salvation. 

J.  A.  Beet,  The  New  Life  in  Christ. 
S.  M.  Merrill,  Doctrinal  Aspects  of  Christian  Ex- 
perience. 
Austin  Phelps,  The  New  Birth. 

69 


LITERATURE 

H.  W.  Clark,  The  Philosophy  of  Christian  Experi- 
ence. 

G.  A.  CoE,  The  Spiritual  Life. 

W.  James,  The  Varieties  of  Religious  Experience. 

H.  C.  King,  The  Seeming  Unreality  of  the  Spiritual 
Life. 

Daniel  Steele,  Love  Enthroned. 

James  Mudge,  Growth  in  Holiness  Toward  Per- 
fection. 

A.  P.  Stanley,  Christian  Institutions. 

A.  V.  G.  Allen,  Christian  Institutions. 

J.  C.  Lambert,  The  Sacraments  of  the  New  Testa- 
ment. 

G.  A.  Jacob,  The  Ecclesiastical  Polity  of  the  New 
Testament. 

E.  C.  Dargan,  Ecclesiology,  A  Study  of  the 
Churches. 

W.  Lowrie,  The  Church  and  Its  Organization. 

G.  Salmon,  The  Infallibility  of  the  Church. 

S.  D.  F.  Salmond,  The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Im- 
mortality. 

J,  A.  Beet,  The  Last  Things. 

H.  A.  A.  Kennedy,  St.  Paul's  Conceptions  of  the 
Last  Things. 

IV 

Newman  Smyth,  Christian  Ethics. 
James    Martineau,    Types    of    Ethical    Theory;    2 
vols. 

B.  P.  Bowne,  Principles  of  Ethics. 
James  Seth,  Studies  in  Ethical  Principles. 

70 


LITERATURE 

T.  C.  Hall,  History  of  Ethics  within  Organized 
Christianity. 

V 

G.  T.  Ladd,  The  Philosophy  of  Religion;  2  vols. 
Harold  Hoeffding,  The  Philosophy  of  Religion. 
C.  P.  TiELE,  Elements  of  the  Science  of  Religion. 
A.  Lang,  The  Making  of  Religion. 

VI 

The  Sacred  Books  of  the  East  (Edited  by  F.  Max 
Mueller),  49  vols. 

M.  Jastrow,  The  Study  of  Religion. 

F.  B.  Jevons,  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Re- 
ligions. 

James  Hastings,  Encyclopaedia  of  Religion  and 
Ethics.  ^» 

A.  Menzies,  History  of  Religion. 

K.  Marti,  The  Religion  of  the  Old  Testament. 

M.  Jastrow,  The  Religion  of  Babylonia  and  As- 
syria. 

R.  W.  Rogers,  The  Religion  of  Babylonia  and  As- 
syria. 

A.  H.  Sayce,  The  Religions  of  Ancient  Egjpt  and 
Babylonia. 

A.  V.  W.  Jackson,  The  Prophet  of  Ancient  Iran. 

E.  W.  Hopkins,  The  Religions  of  India. 

James   Adam,   The   Religious   Teachers  of    Greece 

H.  Hackmann,  Buddhism  as  a  Religion. 

James  Legge,  The  Religions  of  China. 

J.  J.  M.  De  Groot,  The  Religion  of  the  Chinese. 

John  Ross,  The  Original  Religion  of  China. 

W.  E.  Griffis,  The  Religions  of  Japan. 

71 


LITERATURE 

p.  D.  Chantepie  de  la  Saussaye,  The  Religion  of 

the  Teutons. 
D.   S.   Margoliouth,   Mohammed    and   the   Rise   of 

Islam. 
J.  J.  Pool,  Studies  in  Mohammedanism. 
ZwEMER,  Wherry,  Barton  (Editors),  The  Moham- 
medan World  of  To-Day. 


Fourth  Main  Division 
I 

F.  E.  Warren,  The  Liturgy  and  Ritual  of  the 
Ante-Nicene  Church. 

L.  Duchesne,  Christian  Worship,  a  Study  of  the 
Latin  Liturgy  up  to  the  Time  of  Charlemagne. 

W.  H.  Frere,  The  Principles  of  Religious  Cere- 
monial. 

R.  J.  Cooke,  History  of  the  Ritual  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal    Church. 

J.  M.  Neale,  Hymns  of  the  Eastern  Church. 

R.  C.  Trench,  Sacred  Latin  Poetry. 

John   Julian    (Editor),   A  Dictionary  of   Hymnol- 

ogy- 

E.  S.  LoRENZ,  Practical  Church  Music. 


II 

E.  C.  Dargan,  a  History  of  Preaching. 
Austin  Phelps,   The  Theory  of  Preaching.     Lec- 
tures on  Homiletics. 
Phillips  Brooks,  Lectures  on  Preaching. 


72 


LITERATURE 


III 


p.  Fairbairn,  Pastoral  Theology. 
W.  Gladden,  The  Christian  Pastor. 
Herrick  Johnson,  The  Ideal  Ministry. 
C.    F.   Reisner,   Workable   Plans   for   VVide-Awake 
Churches. 

G.  A.  Coe,  Education  in  Religion  and  Morals. 

C.  W.  RiSHELL,  The  Child  as  God's  Child. 

H.  C.  Trumbull,  The  Sunday  School:  Its  Origin, 

Methods,   and  Auxiliaries. 
Burton   and   Mathews,   Principles   and   Ideals   for 

the  Sunday  School. 
M.  Lawrance,  How  to  Conduct  a  Sunday  School. 


Doctrines  and  Discipline  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church. 

Doctrines  and  Discipline  of  the  Methodist  Epis- 
copal Church,  South. 

W.  L.  Harris,  Treatise  on  Ecclesiastical  Law. 

S.  M.  Merrill,  A  Digest  of  Methodist  Law. 

G.  M.  Boynton,  The  Congregational  Way. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
IN  the  United  States  of  America. 

E.  L.  CUTTS,  A  Handy  Book  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land. 

Constitution  and  Canons  for  the  Government 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States. 

S.  B.  Smith  (R.  C),  Elements  of  Ecclesiastical 
Law ;  3  vols. 

73 


LITERATURE 


VI 


J.   S.   Mackenzie,   An   Introduction   to   Social   Phi- 
losophy. 
T.  N.  Carver,  Sociology  and  Social  Progress. 

E.  A.  Ross,   Social  Psychology. 

F.  G.  Peabody,  The  Approach  to  the  Social  Ques- 
tion. 

W.  Rauschenbusch,  Christianity  and  the  Social 
Crisis. 

W.  S.  Bruce,  Social  Aspects  of  Christian  Morality. 

T.  C.  Hall,  Social  Solutions  in  the  Light  of  Chris- 
tian  Ethics. 

C.  R.  Brown,  The  Social  Message  of  the  Modern 
Pulpit. 

Samuel  Plantz,  The  Church  and  the  Social  Prob- 
lem. 

E.  L.  Earp,  Social  Aspects  of  Religious  Institutions. 

C.  S.  Lock,  Charity  and  the  Social  Life. 

D.  Dorchester,  The  Liquor  Problem  In  All  Ages. 
J.  M.  Barker,  The  Saloon  Problem  and  Social  Re- 
form. 

C.  Roads,  Rural  Christendom,  or  the  Problem  of 
Christianizing    Country    Communities. 

Miscellaneous  Titles 

James  Strong,  The  Exhaustive  Concordance  to  the 

Bible. 
Robert     Young,     Analytical     Concordance     to    the 

Bible. 
A.    T.    Clay,    Light    on    the    Old    Testament    from 

Babel. 
W.  F.  Warren,  The  Earliest  Cosmologies. 

74 


LITERATURE 

James  Moffatt,  The  Historical  New  Testament. 
James  Hastings  (Editor),  Dictionary  of  Christ  and 

the  Gospels ;  2  vols. 
Catholic  Encyclopaedia  (Edited  by  C.  G.  Herber- 

mann   and   others)  ;    15   vols. 
A.  W.  WiSHART,  Short  History  of  Monks  and  Mon- 
asteries. 
C.    F.    deT.    Montalembert,    The    Monks    of    the 

West;   6  vols.      (Edition  of  1896.) 
H.  C.  Lea,  History  of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy;   2  vols. 

History  of   Confession   and   Indulgences;    3   vols. 
W.   C.   Cartvvright,   Constitution   and   Teaching  of 

the  Jesuits. 
F.  Parkman,  The  Jesuits  in  North  America. 
E.  L.  Taunton,  History  of  the  Jesuits  in  England. 
Paul  Sabatier,  Modernism. 

George  Tyrrell,  Mediaevalism,  A  Reply  to  Cardi- 
nal Mercier. 
A.  LoiSY,  The  Gospel  and  the  Church. 
A.  Le  Roy  Beaulieu,  The  Empire  of  the  Tsars  and 

the  Russians;  3  vols. 
H.  F.   Henderson,   The  Religious   Controversies   of 

Scotland. 
R.  C.  Reed,  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches  of 

the  World. 
H.  C.  Vedder,  a  Short  History  of  the  Baptists. 
J.  L.  Neve,  A  Brief  History  of  the  Lutheran  Church 

in   America. 
Georgine   Milmine,   The   Life   of   Mary  Baker   G. 

Eddy  and  The  History  of  Christian   Science. 
L.  P.  Powell,   Christian   Science,  the  Faith  and  Its 

Founder. 
W.  A.  Linn,  The  Story  of  the  Mormons. 
James  Ward,  Naturalism  and  Agnosticism ;  2  vols. 
75 


LITERATURE 

Robert  Flint,  Anti-Thelstic  Theories. 

B.  P.  BowNE,  Personalism. 

J.  RoYCE,  The  Philosophy  of  Loyalty. 

G.  J.  Blewett,  The  Study  of  Nature  and  the  Vision 
of  God. 

G.  J.  Romanes,  Darwin  and  After  Darwin;  3  vols. 

A.  R.  Wallace,  Darwinism. 

Joseph  Le  Conte,  Evolution:  Its  Nature,  Its  Evi- 
dences, and  Its  Relation  to  Religious  Thought. 

Henry  Drummond,  The  Ascent  of  Man. 


Note. — It  should  be  observed  that  The  Interna- 
tional Critical  Commentary,  The  New  Century  Bi- 
ble, The  Westminster  Commentaries,  the  New 
Schaff-Herzog  Encyclopaedia,  the  Catholic  Encyclo- 
paedia, the  Encyclpaedia  of  Religion  and  Ethics,  and 
the  Standard  Edition  of  Wesley's  Journal  are  in 
process  of  publication  at  the  date  of  writing  (Jan- 
uary, 1911). 


76 


Date  Due 

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